Volume 9, Issue 2 - IJIRTM
March - April (2025)
Impact Factor: 5.86 | Volume 9 | Issue 6
A Review Paper on Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna
👥 Mukul Shrivastav, Meghna Dubey
📙 Abstract : Because of their smaller size, microstrip patch antennas are more often utilized in current communication equipment than traditional antennas. In order to design an effective, low profile, small, compatible, and affordable microstrip antenna, authors have used a survey of commonly used techniques and designs found in microstrip antenna papers. These techniques are primarily used to design reconfigurable, multiband, and wideband antennas. Following this, a starter patch design with dimensions is provided, along with the technique that will be used to analyses various antenna parameters.
🔖 Keywords :️ Microstrip antenna, techniques, wideband, conventional, Directivity, Gain.
Experimental and Computational Study of Solar Air Heater Performance with Ribbed Absorber Plates
👥 Bhushan Meshram, Chaitanya Shrivastava, Raghvendra Khedle
📙 Abstract : A solar air heater (SAH) is an energy-efficient device designed to harness solar energy to heat air, which can then be used for a wide range of applications such as space heating, industrial processes, ventilation, and drying. Comparison of the experimental and predicted Values of Nusselt Number. It is found that the smooth plate data agree reasonably well with the values predicted. the value of convective heat transfer coefficient increase with the increasing Reynolds Number and increasing the value of roughness. Nusselt number increases with a rise in Reynolds number. The maximum Nusselt number is observed for the 60° double-inclined roughened plate with a 3.5 mm gap. The Nusselt number represents the ratio of conductive resistance to convective resistance in heat flow. As the Reynolds number increases, the boundary layer thickness decreases, leading to a reduction in convective resistance, which subsequently results in a higher Nusselt number. At low Reynolds numbers, the improvement in the Nusselt number compared to a smooth plate is relatively small. This can be attributed to the thicker laminar sublayer, where the flow is slowed down by the roughness elements. Furthermore, the figure demonstrates that the enhancement in heat transfer for roughened plates relative to smooth plates also increases with rising Reynolds numbers.
🔖 Keywords :️ SAH, Nusselt, Air, Temperature, Plate, Reynolds.
Attention-Driven Graph Neural Network Architecture for Accurate Detection of Fake News
👥 Vandana Rai, Dr.Sakshi Rai
📙 Abstract : The widespread dissemination of fake news on social media presents a significant challenge in today’s digital era, calling for intelligent and scalable detection models. Traditional machine learning and deep learning techniques often fail to capture the complex relational structures inherent in misinformation spread. This paper explores two advanced graph-based approaches—Attention-enhanced Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and Hypergraph Neural Networks (HGNNs)—using the UPFD (User Profile Fake News Detection) dataset. The first model leverages attention mechanisms in GNNs to dynamically weigh contextual node relationships, improving accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. It also incorporates preprocessing strategies like node preparation and retweet handling to mitigate overfitting, especially in long training cycles. While effective on UPFD, models like GraphSAGE show promise on larger datasets such as Gossipcop, highlighting the need for scalable solutions. The second approach introduces an HGNN framework that models higher-order interactions among users, posts, and news articles using hyperedges and incidence matrices. This structure allows for richer feature extraction and, when combined with attention, further enhances performance over traditional GNNs and other baseline models. These findings underline the value of capturing both local and global relationships in fake news detection and point toward future improvements in feature mapping, scalability, and multilingual adaptability.
🔖 Keywords :️ Fake News Detection, Machine Learning, Attention Based GNN, Neural Network, RNN
A Review on Advanced Deep Learning Framework for Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection on Social Media
👥 Amit Shukla, Chetan Agrawal, Prachi Tiwari
📙 Abstract : In recent years, the prevalence of hate speech, offensive language, sexism, racism, cyberbullying, and other forms of online abuse has escalated significantly on social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Individuals often exploit the openness and anonymity of these platforms to propagate harmful content, tarnishing the reputation of others without fear of consequences. Despite ongoing efforts by social media platforms to curb such abusive activities, their existing mechanisms have proven inadequate in effectively detecting and moderating hate speech and offensive language. Numerous companies and research institutions are investing significant resources in developing solutions to mitigate this problem. However, the task remains challenging due to the subtle and evolving nature of online abuse and the need for extensive manual intervention to identify and remove harmful content. One of the primary challenges in automated hate speech detection is the ability to accurately distinguish between hate speech, offensive language, and other forms of abuse, such as cyberbullying. This distinction is critical for developing reliable, scalable, and interpretable models that can address the growing threat of online abuse while safeguarding user expression and maintaining platform integrity.
🔖 Keywords :️ Hate Speech Detection, Offensive Language, Cyberbullying, Deep Learning, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Explainable AI (XAI), Multi-modal Learning.
A Comprehensive Survey of Load Balancing Techniques in Cloud Computing: Challenges, Trends, and Future Directions
👥 Manasmani Vishwakarma, Chetan Agrawal, Prachi Tiwari
📙 Abstract : Cloud computing has emerged as a dominant paradigm in modern computing by offering scalable, on-demand resources over the internet. However, with the rapid increase in user demands and dynamic workload variations, efficient load balancing has become a critical concern to ensure optimal resource utilization, minimal response time, and high availability. This research provides an extensive review and comparative analysis of various load balancing techniques employed in cloud computing. It explores traditional, heuristic, and intelligent approaches, categorizing them into a detailed taxonomy based on parameters such as decision-making strategies, scalability, adaptability, and energy efficiency. The study also identifies gaps and challenges in current methods and proposes potential future research directions focused on improving real-time adaptability, energy-awareness, and integration with edge computing and AI technologies. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of load balancing mechanisms and pave the way for designing more resilient and intelligent cloud infrastructure.
🔖 Keywords :️ Cloud Computing, Load Balancing, Resource Allocation, Task Scheduling, Virtual Machine Migration, Cloud Infrastructure.
Mobile Ad-hoc Network: Routing discussion and Challenges
👥 Dr.Rizwana Parveen
📙 Abstract : The last decade has witnessed an ever-growing user demands for a better quality of services. This has led to the rapid evolution and advancements in wireless communication technologies in an attempt to produce a standard that satisfies the users’ demands. In the mobile ad hoc network (MANET), mobile users are obliged to implement the routing of the actual data due to the lack of infrastructure in this type of network. When the destination is outside of the radio range of the source, each mobile of the network serves as a relay by retransmitting the data to another mobile unit until the destination is reached. MANET has more security flaws than quality of service (QoS). In this paper we present the comparative study for mobile ad-hoc network applications based on different techniques and, present some issues or challenges as we find in literature survey work.
🔖 Keywords :️ MANET, Optimization, QoS, RREQ, RREP.